Reconstruction & 1876: US History #22 Worksheet Answers
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In the study of U.S. history, the period of Reconstruction following the Civil War is pivotal. It was a time marked by significant social, political, and economic changes as the nation sought to rebuild and redefine itself. The year 1876 is particularly noteworthy as it marks the centennial of the United States and is also a year filled with substantial historical events, including the contentious presidential election that would ultimately end Reconstruction.
The Era of Reconstruction
Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877 and aimed to integrate the Southern states that had seceded from the Union back into the United States. The main objectives included rebuilding the South, providing for the newly freed African American population, and addressing the political and social issues that arose from the Civil War.
Key Amendments
Several crucial amendments were introduced during the Reconstruction era, which reshaped the legal landscape of the nation:
- 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
- 14th Amendment (1868): Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and ensured equal protection under the law.
- 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
These amendments laid the foundation for civil rights movements in the United States that would continue for decades.
Political Climate in 1876
The year 1876 was significant not only for its historical milestones but also for its politically charged environment. The presidential election pitted Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden.
The Election of 1876
The election was marred by controversy and allegations of fraud. Tilden won the popular vote, but Hayes contested the results in several Southern states. Ultimately, a special electoral commission was formed to resolve the disputed electoral votes.
Outcome of the Election
The electoral commission awarded the presidency to Hayes by a narrow margin:
<table> <tr> <th>Candidate</th> <th>Electoral Votes</th> <th>Popular Votes</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Rutherford B. Hayes</td> <td>185</td> <td>4,034,311</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Samuel J. Tilden</td> <td>184</td> <td>4,300,000</td> </tr> </table>
Compromise of 1877
To end the stalemate and avoid further conflict, a compromise was reached. In exchange for recognizing Hayes as the winner, Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. This compromise had long-lasting implications, leading to the establishment of Jim Crow laws and the disenfranchisement of African Americans.
Social Changes and Challenges
The social landscape in the post-Reconstruction era was filled with challenges. While some African Americans experienced newfound freedoms, many were met with hostility from white supremacists and systemic barriers to equality.
Rise of Jim Crow Laws
Following the end of Reconstruction, Southern states implemented Jim Crow laws, enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchising African American voters. These laws legitimized a system of oppression that lasted for nearly a century.
The Impact of Reconstruction
Despite its failures, Reconstruction laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements. The period fostered a burgeoning sense of identity and community among African Americans, who fought tirelessly for equality and justice.
Notable Figures
Several key figures emerged during the Reconstruction era, advocating for civil rights and social justice:
- Frederick Douglass: A former enslaved person, Douglass was a leading abolitionist and advocate for African American rights.
- Ida B. Wells: A journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching campaign, highlighting the brutal realities of racial violence.
- W.E.B. Du Bois: An intellectual who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for civil rights and higher education for African Americans.
Conclusion
The Reconstruction era and the events of 1876 serve as a critical chapter in U.S. history, reflecting the challenges of rebuilding a nation torn apart by civil conflict. It was a time of hope and transformation, as well as a period of significant setbacks. Understanding this complex era is essential to grasping the ongoing struggles for civil rights and equality in the United States. As we reflect on these events, we are reminded of the resilience of those who fought for freedom and justice, and the importance of continuing that fight today.